What term refers to the seasonal movement of pastoralists and their livestock according to pasture availability?

The term "transhumance" refers specifically to the seasonal movement of pastoralists and their livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures. This practice is closely associated with the management of livestock, where herders move their animals to different areas based on the availability of fresh pastures and water sources throughout the year. This movement is typically systematic and follows a set pattern, allowing for sustainable use of the land.

Transhumance contrasts with other agricultural practices. Horticulture involves small-scale gardening and cultivation of plants, which does not generally include the seasonal movement of people and animals. Intensive farming refers to agricultural production that maximizes output on a given area of land through advanced techniques and often relies on permanent settlements. Nomadism may involve the movement of people for various reasons, but it does not necessarily include a structured seasonal pattern related simply to livestock management as transhumance does. Therefore, the correct answer correctly identifies the specific practice of seasonal migratory patterns based on ecological needs of pastoralists.